基于TRIZ理论的自走式青饲机喂入液压反转机构设计

针对目前青饲料收获过程存在因切割不畅导致的喂入堵塞以及收获效率低的问题，应用TRIZ理论对自走式青饲机喂入部分进行创新设计研究。最终设计出一种结构合理、操作方便的青饲机喂入液压反转机构，解决了喂入堵塞问题，提高了工作效率。      

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

Construction of high-density linkage map and identification of QTLs associated with resistance to black rot in radish (Raphanus sativus) by RAD sequencing

High-density marker-based QTL mapping can serve as an effective strategy to identify novel genomic information to facilitate crop improvement. In this study, we genotyped an F₂ population (KB12-1 × PP12-1) using a RAD-seq approach and constructed a high-density linkage map for radish. After a series of filtering procedures were performed, 17,124 SNPs and 3,336 indels with aa × bb genotyping were retained to obtain bin markers. Then, a linkage map comprising a total of 1,221 bin markers in nine linkage groups spanning 1,467.3 cM with an average marker interval of 1.2 cM was constructed. We evaluated the resistance of the F₂ mapping population to black rot using F₃ progeny, and two major QTLs related to black rot resistance were identified based on this map. Among these QTLs, qBRR2 on Chr.2 explained 26.97% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 11.93, and qBRR7 on Chr.7 accounted for 27.06% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 11.83. The additive effect of qBRR2 was positive (14.97); however, qBRR7 had the opposite effect (−11.99). The high-density linkage map and the major QTLs qBRR2 and qBRR7 provide new important information for disease resistance gene discovery and utilization in genetic improvement.     

Summer drought decreases Leymus chinensis productivity through constraining the bud,tiller and shoot production

Extreme drought events can directly decrease productivity in perennial grasslands. However, for rhizomatous perennial grasses it remains unknown how drought events influence the belowground bud bank which determines future productivity. Ninety‐day‐long drought events imposed on Leymus chinensis, a rhizomatous perennial grass, caused a 41% decrease in the aboveground biomass and a 28% decrease in belowground biomass. Aboveground biomass decreased due to decrease in both the parent and the daughter shoot biomass. The decreases in daughter shoot biomass were due to reductions in both the shoot number and each individual shoot weight. Most importantly, drought decreased the bud bank density by 56%. In addition, drought induced a bud allocation change that decreased by 41% the proportion of buds that developed into shoots and a 41% increase in the buds that developed into rhizomes. Above results were supported by our field experiment with watering treatments. Thus, a 90‐day‐long summer drought event decreases not only current productivity but also future productivity, because the drought reduces the absolute bud number. However, plasticity in plant development does partly compensate for this reduction in bud number by increasing bud development into rhizomes, which increases the relative allocation of buds into future shoots, at the cost of a decrease in current shoots.     

食用花生油品质状况检测

食用花生油是日常生活中量大面广的消费食品,为评估食用花生油品质,对3项主要指标酸价、过氧化值及黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)进行了检测。结果表明,440批次样品的不合格率为32%,主要不合格项目为AFB1,不合格样品主要来源为小油坊。食用花生油仍存在食品安全隐患,为安全起见,建议消费者最好购买品牌产品。     

Cellular Localization of Rice SUMO/SUMO Conjugates and in vitro Sumoylation Using Rice Components

正Many proteins are regulated by post-translational modifications,such as the reversible covalent attachment of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins in eukaryotes(Kerscher et al, 2006). Post-translational modification of proteins by the SUMO protein family is involved in diverse cellular processes, including development, hormonal responses, and biotic and abiotic stress signaling(Park et al, 2011). SUMO modification can modulate protein-protein interactions, intracellular localization or the activities of the protein(Gareau and Lima, 2010).     

Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

添加剂NAM对盐碱地棉花产量和氮肥农学利用效率的影响

本研究旨在提高盐碱土壤中氮肥的利用率，降低硝化作用，减少氮素营养的流失。采用田间小区试验，设计处理：不施肥（CK）、常规施肥、常规施肥＋NAM（长效复合肥添加剂）、常规施肥量80%＋NAM，研究了不同处理盐渍土壤养分离子及棉花产量的变化。结果表明，肥料中加入NAM后，与常规施肥比较，可提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷等养分含量，降低土壤碱化度，增加土壤阳离子交换量（Cation exchange capacity，CEC）及水溶性盐基离子K^＋、Ca^2＋与Mg^2＋含量。pH与电导率变化不明显。棉花产量提高了6.72%，氮肥农学利用效率提高了19.3%。常规施肥量80%＋NAM处理的棉花产量与常规施肥相当，但具有更高的肥料偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率，可推荐在生产实践中应用。     

长江下游不同生态区双季优质晚稻生长特性和温光利用差异

【目的】研究在机插条件下长江下游不同生态区各类型优质晚稻产量、生长特性和温光利用的差异,为选择适宜在该地区作为双季种植的优质晚稻品种提供参考依据。【方法】以2016年和2017年筛选适合长江下游机插的双季优质晚稻为材料(常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻和常优杂粳共20个品种),比较在机插条件下浙江富阳(30.05°N, 119.95°E,海拔17.9 m)与安徽庐江(31.15ºN, 117.16ºE,海拔14 m)两个生态区在产量、生育期、干物质积累以及温光利用方面的差异。【结果】各类型晚稻产量高纬度试点均高于低纬度试验点。与浙江富阳点相比,安徽庐江点种植的常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻、常优杂粳稻产量分别高11.1%、12.9%、6.6%和12.4%。同一试点种植时,常优杂粳产量最高,常规籼稻最低。高纬度点种植时,生育期延长,干物质积累量增加。高纬度点生育期延长杂交籼稻最长(10.4 d),干物质积累量高纬度点增幅常规粳稻最大(齐穗期和成熟期分别增加11.93%和9.44%)。同一试点种植时,干物质积累量杂交稻大于常规稻。籼稻灌浆期和全生育期累积的有效积温两个纬度点差异不明显,但日照时数和太阳辐射及其利用率均是高纬度点显著高;粳稻灌浆期和全生育期累积的有效积温高纬度点明显较低,累积日照时数高纬度点变化不明显,而累积太阳辐射则显著增加;温光资源利用率的变化趋势与此一致;同一试点种植时,生育期、干物质积累量以及温光资源利用率均是粳稻大于籼稻。【结论】晚籼稻在安徽庐江点种植时能充分利用温光资源从而提高产量,晚粳稻对温光资源利用率差异不明显,安徽庐江点产量增加的原因是生育期延长和干物质增加。     

不同耕作方式对辽西褐土物理性状及玉米根系分布的影响

通过连续3年大田试验，对旋耕、翻耕、深松3种耕作方式下的土壤物理性质、玉米根系分布和产量进行测定。结果表明，与翻耕和旋耕相比，深松显著增加了玉米田土壤耕层厚度和降低了犁底层厚度。在中下层土壤，深松还降低了土壤紧实度和容重，改善了土壤的孔隙状况，有利于玉米根系向下生长，使得中下层土壤的玉米根系不仅更丰富，而且占总根系量的比例也更高，最终提高了玉米产量。本研究表明，深松耕作有利于改善辽西褐土区土壤结构和促进玉米生长。